| 黄永颖,张克中,鲁元平.统一大市场建设：养老保险省级统筹与劳动力市场一体化[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2023,(1):25-45 | | 统一大市场建设：养老保险省级统筹与劳动力市场一体化 | | The Construction of a Unified Market: Pension Pooling Reform and Labor Market Integration | | | | DOI： | | 中文关键词: 统一大市场 劳动力市场一体化 省级统筹 养老保险 | | 英文关键词: Unified Market Labor Market Integration Provincial Pooling Pension Insurance | | 基金项目:本文获得国家社会科学基金一般项目“社会保险制度的劳动力市场再分配效应”（20BJY058）和国家自然科学基金面上项目“社保缴费负担对中小企业发展的影响、机制及政策优化：基于征收机构改革的视角”（72074224）的资助。 | | | 中文摘要: | | 养老保险制度如何促进劳动力市场发展是经济学家和政策制定者十分关注的话题。基于养老保险全国统筹和统一大市场建设的背景，本文实证考察了21世纪初养老保险省级统筹如何影响区域劳动力市场的一体化。研究发现，省级统筹显著促进了地级市之间的劳动力市场一体化。机制分析表明，统筹改革通过减少地级市之间养老保险政策差异和改善劳动力跨地市流动状况，大幅提升了地级市之间的劳动力市场一体化水平。其中，养老保险基金压力越小、外来劳动力占比越高的省份，省级统筹对劳动力市场一体化的促进作用越明显。进一步分析发现，养老保险统筹的省份在改革之后要素资源错配程度要比未实现养老保险统筹的省份低3.5%。在“双循环”的新发展格局下，本研究对推动养老保险全国统筹，促进社会保障事业高质量发展、可持续发展，构建全国统一大市场提供了经验支持。 | | 英文摘要: | | Over the past three decades, increasing social insurance coverage in China has been a great practice in the history of social security around the world. Academics and policy makers have long discussed how a pension insurance system can promote labor market development and unleash economic growth potential. This is needed because the “fragmented” pension insurance system established during the period of economic transition has hindered labor market integration. In 2020, China's central government proposed to accelerate the establishment of a “dual circulation” development pattern, where the domestic economic cycle plays a leading role, and where the international economic cycle remains an extension and supplement. In 2022, the State Council released “Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of a National Unified Market”, requiring an acceleration in constructing a national unified market. This raises the important question of how to build a pension insurance system that is aligned with the development stage of the labor market. Based on this, this paper provides new empirical evidences to answer this question, by examining how the provincial pooling of pension insurance affected labor market integration among cities at the beginning of the 21st century.Theoretically, the provincial pooling of pension insurance can encourage labor market integration by reducing regional differences in the system and promoting cross-regional labor mobility. Previous studies have found that elements of a pension insurance system, such as contribution rates, contribution bases, and enforcement, are important factors affecting employees' wages. As such, the spatial differences of these institutional elements may directly impact wage differences among regions. This does not support the construction of a unified labor market. Further, the “fragmented” pension insurance system creates policy obstacles, increases the cost of labor mobility across regions, and results in a “liquidity loss” for pension insurance accounts. This decreases the motivation needed to drive labor mobility, and this inability of labor to flow freely is a significant obstacle to labor market integration. Therefore, both the spatial differentiation of the elements of the pension insurance system and the restricted mobility of labor factors create distortions in the spatial allocation of labor, and contribute to losses in overall social welfare. These outcomes do not support inter-regional labor market integration.In practice, provinces in China gradually implemented reforms to provincial pooling between 1998 and 2010, focusing on basic endowment insurance for urban workers. This created conditions for building a nationally unified labor market and promoting labor mobility across regions. This reform strongly strengthened the provincial-level unification of pension insurance policies and the provincial-level coordination and management of the pension insurance fund. This provides an ideal opportunity for exploring the impact of provincial pooling reform on the construction of a unified labor market.In the context of the national pooling of pension insurance and the construction of a unified large market, this paper empirically examines how pension pooling reform in the early 21st century affects regional labor market integration by constructing a difference-in-differences model. The study finds that pension pooling reform significantly encourages the integration of labor markets between cities. The mechanisms for this involve reducing the differences in pension insurance policy between cities, and improving labor mobility across cities. In provinces where there is less pressure from the pension insurance fund, and the ratio of migrant workers is higher, pension pooling reform has a more significant economic effect on labor market integration. Further analysis shows that the degree of misallocation in factor resources in provinces enforcing pension pooling reform is 3.5% lower compared to provinces without the pension pooling reform.This paper makes three key contributions to the field. First, we explain the mechanism of labor market integration, from the unique perspective of the pension insurance system. Second, this paper enriches research on the economic consequences of pension insurance system reform. Third, we provide empirical evidence for encouraging national pooling reform with respect to pension insurance and for building a national unified labor market | | 查看全文 相关附件： 下载数据代码附录 |
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