文章摘要
许健,季康先,刘晓亭,夏炎.工业机器人应用、性别工资差距与共同富裕[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2022,(9):134-156
工业机器人应用、性别工资差距与共同富裕
Robotics Application, Gender Wage Gap, and Common Prosperity
  
DOI:
中文关键词: 工业机器人  性别工资差距  共同富裕  收入分配
英文关键词: Robots Application  Gender Wage Gap  Common Prosperity  Income Distribution
基金项目:本文获得国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(51861125101)、国家自然科学基金面上项目(71974183)和中国科学院大学数字经济监测预测预警与政策仿真教育部哲学社会科学实验室(培育)基金的资助。
作者单位
许健 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院 
季康先 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院 
刘晓亭 中国工商银行博士后科研工作站 
夏炎 中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院 
中文摘要:
      随着新一轮科技革命和产业变革的不断演化,工业机器人的广泛应用势必对中国现阶段以及未来的劳动力收入分配格局产生深远影响,使性别工资差距呈现新特征。本文首先构建理论模型刻画工业机器人应用通过影响技能工资差距进而影响性别工资差距的经济逻辑;然后利用IFR机器人数据、第二次经济普查微观企业数据测算各城市工业机器人密度,并在匹配微观个体和城市变量的基础上,使用固定效应模型与工具变量法实证考察工业机器人应用对性别工资差距的影响。研究发现,工业机器人应用提高了男女性劳动力的工资水平,且有助于缩小性别工资差距。分样本回归发现,工业机器人应用缩小性别工资差距的作用在初始性别工资差距较高、劳动力技能水平较低、制造业组别中更为明显。本文进一步分析工业机器人应用对宏观收入分配格局的影响,发现工业机器人应用对各省份基尼系数具有显著负向影响,有助于改善省份层面收入分配状况。本文研究不仅对国家引导产业数字化、自动化转型提供政策参考,还对缩小中国性别工资差距、优化收入分配格局提供新的政策启示。
英文摘要:
      In the context of a new round of global technological revolution and industrial transformation, China attaches great importance to the development of the industrial robot.And the application of industrial robots has made a profound impact on Chinese labor market.An important manifestation is that the application of industrial robots has changed the wage distribution among different social groups including different genders.With the widespread application of robots and the significant changes in the structure of the labor force in China, it is crucial to accurately identify the impact of robot applications on the gender wage gap.The answer to this question can not only provide a reference for the formulation of supporting policies for the robot industry, but also can provide new ideas for narrowing the gender wage gap in China.This paper comprehensively uses the IFR data and the second national economic census data, then constructs the industrial robot density index at the provincial and city levels in China by adopting Bartiks instrumental variables method.Having the data of the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS), this paper explores the impact of industrial robot applications on the gender wage gap and its influencing mechanism.The empirical results show that: (1) The application of industrial robots generally increases the wage level of male and female labor, and contributes to narrowing the gender wage gap (for every 10% increase in robot density, the female labor wage increases by 1.69%, and the male labor wage increases by 1.01%). After addressing the potential endogeneity problem using the instrumental variable and performing various robustness tests, the conclusions still hold.(2) Mechanism analysis shows that the role of industrial robot application in narrowing the gender wage gap is more pronounced in the higher initial gender wage gap, the lower labor skill level, and the manufacturing group.In order to identify the overall impact of industrial robot applications on the income distribution pattern, this paper also conducts a preliminary discussion on the impact of robot applications on the Gini coefficient.The results show that the application of industrial robots can effectively improve the provincial income distribution pattern, and the Gini coefficient will decrease by 0.0003 for every increase in the density of provincial industrial robots by 1 unit.The contributions of this paper are as follows: First, in terms of theoretical analysis, most of the existing literature discusses the impact of industrial robot applications on the skill wage gap, but research about the impact of industrial robot applications on the gender wage gap is insufficient.Based on the industrial robot skill premium model, this paper embeds the “Brains-and-Brawn Model” to analyze the gender wage gap, and theoretically analyzes the impact mechanism of industrial robot applications on the gender wage gap.Second, in terms of empirical research, the existing literature on the income distribution effect of industrial robot applications is mostly based on developed countries, and there is less empirical evidence for developing countries like China.Labor costs in developing countries are relatively low, and industrial manufacturing and industrial layout are more concentrated in labor-intensive industries.Therefore, compared with developed countries, the impact of industrial robots on the labor market may be different in China.This paper empirically analyzes the income distribution effect of industrial robots in China's labor market from different perspectives, which is a valuable supplement to related research.Thirdly, in terms of research data, this paper uses IFR industrial robot data and the second national economic census data to measure the density of industrial robots at the provincial and city level, and combines it with the data of the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) to establish a research tool for such research about the impact of industrial robots on gender wage gaps.The sample is nationally representative and effectively makes up for the insufficiency of existing literature that only uses enterprise or industry data for research.The study provides a reference for the state to guide the digitalization and automation transformation of industries, and provides new policy insights for narrowing the gender wage gap and optimizing the income distribution pattern in China.
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